![]() ![]() This proved to be their ultimate undoing as the wind drove what remained of Medina Sidonia’s fleet away from the Spanish army at Flanders. Although massive, the Spanish galleons lacked flexibility and could only sail with the wind at their back. The English were able to both outsail and outgun the Spanish at the Battle of Gravelines.įollowing the Battle of Gravelines – during which the English ships used their better cannon and agility to both outsail and outgun their Spanish counterparts – a strong south-westerly wind forced the Spanish fleet to head into the North Sea. These faults soon revealed themselves in the Battle of Gravelines where the Spanish cannons proved ineffective because of the inexperience of the crews using them. Although a magnificent sight to behold, the Armada had severe faults in its weaponry when it set sail. Many galleons therefore lacked necessary provisions such as experienced gunners and high-quality cannon shot. ![]() In May 1588, he ordered Medina Sidonia to launch the fleet, despite preparations still not being complete. Philip’s impatienceįollowing multiple postponements of the invasion, Philip grew increasingly impatient. Santa Cruz was replaced by the Duke of Medina Sidonia, a nobleman who lacked the naval experience of his predecessor. His death in February 1588, just prior to the invasion campaign being launched, added further turmoil to the planning. He had also been a leading advocate of attacking England for years – although by 1588 he had grown increasingly sceptical of Philip’s plan. The Marquis of Santa Cruz had been the designated leader of the Armada. ![]()
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